6月1日，《“十四五”可再生能源發展規劃》公開發布，根據國家能源局統一安排，水電總院將會同行業媒體推出系列專家訪談報道，邀請相關領域專家對《規劃》進行深入解讀，為推進《規劃》切實落地提出寶貴建議。

2021年10月12日，習近平總書記在生物多(duo)樣性大會上宣布，中(zhong)國(guo)將(jiang)大力發展可再生能(neng)源，在沙漠(mo)、戈壁(bi)、荒漠(mo)地(di)區加快(kuai)規劃建設大(da)(da)型風電(dian)光伏基地項目，拉開(kai)了“十四五”大(da)(da)型風電(dian)光伏基地建設(she)的序(xu)幕。

近日，國(guo)家發展改革(ge)委、國(guo)家能源局等九(jiu)部門聯合印發《“十(shi)四五”可再生(sheng)能源發展規(gui)劃》（以下簡稱《規(gui)劃》），將(jiang)(jiang)建設大(da)型風電光伏基地(di)作為推進“十(shi)四五”可再生(sheng)能源大(da)規(gui)模開發、支撐規(gui)劃目(mu)標(biao)落實的重要(yao)舉措，將(jiang)(jiang)進一(yi)步加快大(da)型風電光伏基地(di)建設的進程，助(zhu)力碳達(da)峰碳中和(he)目(mu)標(biao)如期實現。

一、充分認識大型風電光伏基地建設的重要意義

大(da)型風電(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)基地(di)建設，是實(shi)現(xian)碳達峰、碳中(zhong)和目(mu)標的(de)關鍵支(zhi)撐。面對日益嚴(yan)峻的(de)氣(qi)候變化問題，世界各主要國家和地(di)區紛紛承諾(nuo)加大(da)自主貢獻力(li)(li)度，我國也作出了碳達峰、碳中(zhong)和的(de)莊嚴(yan)承諾(nuo)。要實(shi)現(xian)“雙碳”目(mu)標，我國能源系(xi)統需要進行(xing)(xing)革命性(xing)的(de)變革，其核(he)心是構(gou)建新型電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統，支(zhi)持和促(cu)進新能源躍升式(shi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。通(tong)過建設千(qian)萬千(qian)瓦級風電(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)大(da)型基地(di)項目(mu)，既有(you)利于(yu)推動(dong)風電(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)大(da)規模、高比例(li)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，促(cu)進新能源行(xing)(xing)業技術進步和產業升級，還能夠為經濟社會發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)提供穩定優(you)質的(de)綠色(se)電(dian)力(li)(li)支(zhi)撐，推動(dong)我國能源綠色(se)低碳轉型，助力(li)(li)完成(cheng)碳達峰、碳中(zhong)和目(mu)標和“十四五(wu)”規劃任務。

大型風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)光伏(fu)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)建(jian)(jian)設，是推進生(sheng)態文明建(jian)(jian)設的有(you)力抓手。《規劃》布(bu)局的大型風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)光伏(fu)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)主要位(wei)于我國西部和北(bei)部地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)，并明確(que)在內蒙古、青海、新疆、甘(gan)肅等地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)建(jian)(jian)設一(yi)批風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)光伏(fu)治沙新能源基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)。通過“板上發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、板下(xia)種植、治沙改土(tu)、水資(zi)源綜(zong)合利用”等多位(wei)一(yi)體循環發(fa)展(zhan)模式，開(kai)展(zhan)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)光伏(fu)治沙、防風(feng)、固草，系統保護和修復沙漠(mo)、戈(ge)壁、荒(huang)漠(mo)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)，改善當地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)態環境和人居環境，實(shi)現新能源與(yu)生(sheng)態融合發(fa)展(zhan)、友好發(fa)展(zhan)。

大型風電光(guang)伏(fu)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)建設，也是促進(jin)東西部(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)域協(xie)調發(fa)展的(de)重(zhong)要舉措。充分發(fa)揮西部(bu)(bu)北部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)風光(guang)資源(yuan)(yuan)優勢和土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)資源(yuan)(yuan)優勢，建設大型風電光(guang)伏(fu)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)項目(mu)，通(tong)過輸電通(tong)道送到東中部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)，既能(neng)夠實現西部(bu)(bu)和東中部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)在土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)資源(yuan)(yuan)、綠色能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)和經濟社會(hui)發(fa)展等方面的(de)優勢互補，提升能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供應保(bao)障能(neng)力(li)，支撐東西部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)經濟快速發(fa)展，又能(neng)夠促投資、穩增(zeng)長，帶動西部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)產業發(fa)展，增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方財(cai)政稅收(shou)，提供更多就業機(ji)會(hui)，增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)農牧民收(shou)入，助力(li)鄉村振興。

二、扎實推進“十四五”大型風電光伏基地建設

“十四五”期(qi)間，要加(jia)快建(jian)設以沙漠(mo)、戈壁、荒(huang)漠(mo)地(di)區為(wei)重點的(de)大型風(feng)電光(guang)伏(fu)基地(di)。《規劃》提出以風(feng)光(guang)資源為(wei)基礎(chu)、以靈(ling)活(huo)調(diao)節電源為(wei)支(zhi)撐、以特高壓輸電通道為(wei)載體，在內(nei)蒙古、青海、甘肅等西部(bu)北部(bu)的(de)沙漠(mo)、戈壁、荒(huang)漠(mo)地(di)區，建(jian)設一批(pi)生態(tai)友好、經(jing)濟優越的(de)大型風(feng)電光(guang)伏(fu)基地(di)。

到(dao)(dao)2022年(nian)一(yi)季度(du)末，第一(yi)批約(yue)1億千瓦的(de)大(da)(da)型風(feng)電(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)伏基地(di)項(xiang)目已(yi)開工約(yue)8400萬千瓦；以庫布(bu)齊(qi)、烏蘭布(bu)和(he)、騰格(ge)里(li)、巴(ba)丹吉(ji)林沙漠為重點，以其他沙漠戈壁(bi)地(di)區(qu)和(he)采煤(mei)沉陷區(qu)為補充(chong)，總規(gui)模約(yue)4.5億千瓦的(de)大(da)(da)型風(feng)電(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)伏基地(di)規(gui)劃(hua)布(bu)局推進。西部(bu)(bu)北部(bu)(bu)地(di)區(qu)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)和(he)太陽能資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)豐富，開發潛力(li)巨(ju)大(da)(da)，風(feng)電(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)上網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)低，除了滿足當地(di)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)綠色低碳轉(zhuan)型外，輸電(dian)(dian)到(dao)(dao)中(zhong)東部(bu)(bu)地(di)區(qu)的(de)經濟性也(ye)比較好，能有(you)效支撐(cheng)全(quan)國其他地(di)區(qu)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)型。隨著既有(you)外送通(tong)道輸電(dian)(dian)能力(li)的(de)進一(yi)步提(ti)升，新(xin)建(jian)跨(kua)(kua)省跨(kua)(kua)區(qu)輸電(dian)(dian)通(tong)道加快推進，外送電(dian)(dian)量清潔化(hua)水平能進一(yi)步提(ti)高，這些地(di)區(qu)在(zai)“十四五”將(jiang)呈現巨(ju)大(da)(da)發展(zhan)潛力(li)。

同時，“十四五”期(qi)間，要穩妥有序推(tui)進海(hai)(hai)(hai)上風電基(ji)地(di)開(kai)發建設。《規劃》提出(chu)優(you)化近(jin)海(hai)(hai)(hai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)上風電布(bu)局，開(kai)展(zhan)深遠海(hai)(hai)(hai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)上風電平(ping)價示范，加快推(tui)動海(hai)(hai)(hai)上風電集群化開(kai)發，重(zhong)點建設山東半島(dao)、長三角、閩南(nan)、粵(yue)東和北部灣等海(hai)(hai)(hai)上風電基(ji)地(di)，為“十四五”期(qi)間我國海(hai)(hai)(hai)上風電發展(zhan)指明了方(fang)向。

我國有1.8萬公里海(hai)(hai)岸線，海(hai)(hai)上(shang)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)資(zi)源儲量豐富，經過十余(yu)年(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，在(zai)裝機(ji)規模和技術創新等(deng)(deng)方面取(qu)得突出成(cheng)(cheng)績(ji)。在(zai)碳(tan)達峰、碳(tan)中和要求下，我國海(hai)(hai)上(shang)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)被賦(fu)予新的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)使(shi)命，由(you)近(jin)及遠、集(ji)群(qun)化開發(fa)(fa)(fa)、平價(jia)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)、綜合利用、示范引領、產(chan)業壯大等(deng)(deng)都將成(cheng)(cheng)為一(yi)段時(shi)期內(nei)海(hai)(hai)上(shang)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)產(chan)業發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重要特點，近(jin)海(hai)(hai)規模化和遠海(hai)(hai)示范化發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)將進一(yi)步激發(fa)(fa)(fa)海(hai)(hai)上(shang)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)市場(chang)潛力，大大拓展(zhan)海(hai)(hai)上(shang)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)范圍和規模。

此(ci)外，“十四五(wu)”期間(jian)，還要統籌推(tui)進水(shui)(shui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)綜合(he)基(ji)地(di)(di)一體化開發(fa)(fa)。《規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃》提出，按照建(jian)(jian)設水(shui)(shui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)綜合(he)基(ji)地(di)(di)為導向，統籌進行水(shui)(shui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)綜合(he)開發(fa)(fa)前期工作(zuo)，推(tui)進川滇黔桂(gui)、藏東南水(shui)(shui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)綜合(he)基(ji)地(di)(di)開發(fa)(fa)建(jian)(jian)設。我國西南地(di)(di)區水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)豐富，已開發(fa)(fa)和規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃裝機規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)大，水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力強，外送通道(dao)多，主(zhu)要流(liu)域周邊地(di)(di)區風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)豐富，開發(fa)(fa)潛力較大，且水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)與風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏的(de)季節(jie)性互補作(zuo)用(yong)強，能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠較好平(ping)抑水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)豐枯差，具備較好的(de)基(ji)礎發(fa)(fa)展條件。“十四五(wu)”期間(jian)，可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展重(zhong)點之(zhi)一就(jiu)是(shi)高質量融合(he)發(fa)(fa)展，依(yi)托已建(jian)(jian)和在建(jian)(jian)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)基(ji)地(di)(di)，利用(yong)梯級水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站形成的(de)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)和靈(ling)活調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，在流(liu)域周邊規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃建(jian)(jian)設合(he)理規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)站，可實現水(shui)(shui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)一體化開發(fa)(fa)，打(da)造綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)基(ji)地(di)(di)，支撐風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏大規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模(mo)(mo)發(fa)(fa)展。

三、切實保障大型風電光伏基地高效利用

為推進可再生能源的(de)大(da)(da)規模(mo)開發，需要(yao)在更(geng)大(da)(da)范(fan)圍內統(tong)籌做好大(da)(da)型風(feng)電(dian)(dian)光伏基(ji)地消納保障。《規劃》提出(chu)，依托已建跨省(sheng)區輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)道和(he)(he)火電(dian)(dian)“點(dian)對網(wang)”輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)道，提升(sheng)存量(liang)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)道輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)能力和(he)(he)新(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)量(liang)占比；依托“十四五”期間新(xin)增輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)道，按照新(xin)能源電(dian)(dian)量(liang)占比不低于50%的(de)要(yao)求，配(pei)套建設大(da)(da)型風(feng)電(dian)(dian)光伏基(ji)地。

我國西部和北部地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)風電(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)大(da)，是基地(di)(di)(di)建設(she)的重點(dian)區(qu)域(yu)，但電(dian)力負荷小、火電(dian)比重高、供(gong)熱需(xu)(xu)求大(da)、局部地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)電(dian)網薄弱問題(ti)突(tu)出(chu)，當地(di)(di)(di)新(xin)能(neng)源消納能(neng)力有限，大(da)基地(di)(di)(di)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)離不開(kai)(kai)新(xin)能(neng)源跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)外送消納。在“十四五”規(gui)劃建設(she)的大(da)型風電(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)基地(di)(di)(di)中，新(xin)疆、黃河上游(you)、河西走廊、黃河幾字(zi)灣(wan)等基地(di)(di)(di)需(xu)(xu)要依托既有和新(xin)增跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)輸電(dian)通道，利用省(sheng)內省(sheng)外兩個(ge)市場，做好大(da)型風電(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)基地(di)(di)(di)消納保障(zhang)。

與此同(tong)時(shi)，還要(yao)切(qie)實提(ti)升系統(tong)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)，保障區域(yu)大型風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)基地(di)高(gao)效利用。《規(gui)劃(hua)》提(ti)出(chu)主(zhu)要(yao)依托(tuo)省(sheng)級和(he)區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網消(xiao)納(na)(na)能(neng)(neng)力(li)提(ti)升，創新開發利用方式，推進(jin)松(song)遼、冀(ji)北、黃河下游(you)等(deng)以就地(di)消(xiao)納(na)(na)為(wei)主(zhu)的大型風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基地(di)建(jian)設。這些(xie)地(di)區有的屬于負荷中(zhong)心(xin)地(di)區，有的離負荷中(zhong)心(xin)較近，具備在區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網內統(tong)籌消(xiao)納(na)(na)的條件，有的在“十四五(wu)”期間(jian)外送(song)增長空間(jian)有限，主(zhu)要(yao)依靠區域(yu)內統(tong)籌就地(di)消(xiao)納(na)(na)。為(wei)保障這些(xie)大型風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)基地(di)高(gao)效利用，需加快(kuai)推進(jin)抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)建(jian)設，力(li)爭“十四五(wu)”期間(jian)抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)投產(chan)裝機容量翻(fan)倍，積極(ji)推動長時(shi)儲熱(re)型太陽能(neng)(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發展，加快(kuai)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)改造，加強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網基礎設施建(jian)設和(he)智能(neng)(neng)化升級，優化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調度運行，充分提(ti)升就地(di)消(xiao)納(na)(na)能(neng)(neng)力(li)，為(wei)大型風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)伏(fu)基地(di)建(jian)設提(ti)供堅實支撐。（作者(zhe)系水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水利規(gui)劃(hua)設計總院(yuan)副院(yuan)長）